{"id":23465,"date":"2021-05-04T16:28:13","date_gmt":"2021-05-04T13:28:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/crjm.org\/?p=23465"},"modified":"2021-07-02T12:40:24","modified_gmt":"2021-07-02T09:40:24","slug":"dezinformare-si-deepfakes-posibile-implicatii-pentru-democratie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/old.crjm.org\/en\/dezinformare-si-deepfakes-posibile-implicatii-pentru-democratie\/","title":{"rendered":"Dezinformare \u0219i deepfakes \u2013 posibile implica\u021bii pentru democra\u021bie"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Tr\u0103im \u00een epoca post-adev\u0103rului (post-truth), un climat cultural \u0219i politic \u00een care exist\u0103 tot mai pu\u021bin respect pentru adev\u0103r. Acest concept presupune c\u0103 oamenilor \u2013 \u0219i mai ales politicienilor \u2013 le pas\u0103 mai pu\u021bin de ceea ce spun \u0219i dac\u0103 ceea ce spun este adev\u0103rat.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen spatele unei asemenea atitudini formate \u00een timp, nu st\u0103 neap\u0103rat ignoran\u021ba, ci eforturile concertate prin care spa\u021biul public, mai cu seam\u0103 cel online, este invadat constant de informa\u021bii false, p\u0103rtinitoare sau neverificate, a.k.a. Fake news!. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 metodele deja devenite \u201etradi\u021bionale\u201d precum paginile web de \u0219tiri false sau trolii, o nou\u0103 tehnologie care amenin\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 consolideze \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eent\u0103reasc\u0103 era post-adev\u0103rului sunt tehnologiile <strong><em>deepfakes<\/em><\/strong>, numite conven\u021bional \u0219i <strong><em>synthetic media<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ce sunt deepfakes \u0219i cum sunt create? <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Deepfakes<\/strong> sunt videoclipuri false create prin intermediul aplica\u021biilor digitale \u0219i sistemelor automate. Imaginile video reale sunt combinate pentru a crea con\u021binut nou, cu declara\u021bii sau ac\u021biuni care nu s-au \u00eent\u00e2mplat \u00een realitate.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"You Won\u2019t Believe What Obama Says In This Video! \ud83d\ude09\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/cQ54GDm1eL0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Exemplu de DeepFake: Discrus al fostului pre\u0219edinte american, Barack Obama<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Conceptul de baz\u0103 din spatele tehnologiei este recunoa\u0219terea facial\u0103 (vezi articolul integral aici). Videoclipurile false pot fi create folosind o tehnic\u0103 de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare automat\u0103 \u0219i inteligen\u021b\u0103 artificial\u0103 numit\u0103 \u201ere\u021bea contradictorie generativ\u0103\u201d sau acronimul din englez\u0103 GANs. \u00cen cuvinte simple, modul \u00een care ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 aceast\u0103 tehnologie este urm\u0103torul: Un GANs scaneaz\u0103 fotografii sau video-uri cu o anumit\u0103 persoan\u0103. Tehnologia stabile\u0219te puncte de reper pentru a mapa fa\u021ba persoanei \u00een func\u021bie de anumite caracteristici specifice precum col\u021burile ochilor \u0219i gurii, n\u0103rile \u0219i conturul liniei maxilarului, printre altele, dup\u0103 care poate crea con\u021binut video nou cu o combina\u021bie de sunete sau mi\u0219c\u0103ri inexiste.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 imaginile video, tehnologia GANs poate fi utilizat\u0103 pentru a genera sunete noi din cele existente, sau un text nou dintr-un text existent.<\/p>\n<p><strong>De ce trebuie s\u0103 fim precau\u021bi \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu Deepfakes?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tehnologia <strong>deepfake<\/strong> nu mai este limitat\u0103 doar \u00een cercurile academice ci disponibil\u0103 pe internet. Aplica\u021bii software precum FakeApp sau FaceSwap, Snapchat sau Facebook Messenger, utilizeaz\u0103 aceast\u0103 tehnologie \u00een care fa\u021ba real\u0103 a persoanei este suprapus\u0103 cu fa\u021ba unei alte persoane sau anima\u021bii.<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> Chiar dac\u0103 \u00een prezent, majoritatea video-urilor false sunt de o calitate care u\u0219or poate fi depistat\u0103 ca fiind fals\u0103, potrivit exper\u021bilor, aceast\u0103 tehnologie avanseaz\u0103 zilnic.<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> Astfel foarte cur\u00e2nd ne va fi complicat s\u0103 putem discerne dac\u0103 un anumit video este sau nu \u00een realitate fals. Rezultatele unui <strong>deepfake<\/strong> vor fi destul de conving\u0103toare, aceste video-uri fiind foarte dificil de identificat ca fiind false.<\/p>\n<p>Riscul principal de utilizare al tehnologiei deepfake este c\u0103 acesta poate permite la un moment dat oric\u0103rui utilizator s\u0103 videoclipuri despre oricine, f\u0103c\u00e2nd \u0219i spun\u00e2nd orice.<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> \u00a0Implica\u021biile unei asemenea tehnlogii pentru dezinformare sunt majore, mai ales dac\u0103 nu doar imaginea video poate fi replicat\u0103 dar \u0219i vocea persoanei, p\u00e2n\u0103 la exactitate. Iat\u0103 c\u00e2teva exemple de utilizare a tehnologiei deepfake:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Panic\u0103 public\u0103 indus\u0103 prin urgen\u021be \u201efalse\u201d precum calamit\u0103\u021bi naturale sau stare de asediu \u0219i r\u0103zboi;<\/li>\n<li>Discursuri politice manipulatorii sau false;\n<ul>\n<li>Atacuri asupra unor persoane publice, ap\u0103r\u0103tori ai drepturilor omului sau jurnali\u0219ti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ce putem face \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu Deepfakes?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Speciali\u0219tii recomand\u0103 c\u00e2\u021biva pa\u0219i care merit\u0103 urma\u021bi atunci c\u00e2nd credem c\u0103 avem de afacere cu un video care portretizeaz\u0103 o declara\u021bie neobi\u0219nuit\u0103 sau informa\u021bie posibil fals\u0103. Ca \u0219i \u00een cazul informa\u021biei scrise, pretins false, trebuie s\u0103 urm\u0103m c\u00e2\u021biva pa\u0219i de control<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>S\u0103 analiz\u0103m cu aten\u021bie de fiecare dat\u0103 sursa <\/strong>\u2013 speciali\u0219tii recomand\u0103 de fiecare dat\u0103 s\u0103 atragem aten\u021bie originii con\u021binutului video. C\u00e2teva \u00eentreb\u0103ri care neap\u0103rat trebuie adresate sunt: A fost \u00eenc\u0103rcat de c\u0103tre un utilizator cunoscut sau \u00eentr-un cont aleatoriu pe o re\u021bea social\u0103? Este sau nu con\u021binut sponsorizat? Cine pretinde c\u0103 este proprietarul acesteia?. A fost publicat de c\u0103tre un portal de \u0219tiri cu reputa\u021bie bun\u0103 sau un site\/portal necunoscut?<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u0103 verific\u0103m dac\u0103 video-ul mai poate fi g\u0103sit online \u0219i \u00een alt\u0103 parte<\/strong>: Verific\u0103m unde mai poate fi g\u0103sit videoclipul, dac\u0103 mai este (sau nu) de g\u0103sit online, pentru a vedea dac\u0103 sunt mai multe \u0219tiri cu acest video din partea unor publica\u021bii cu reputa\u021bie bun\u0103 sau persoane credibile (jurnali\u0219ti, formatori de opinie);<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u0103 ne ab\u021binem de la concluzii<\/strong> p\u00e2n\u0103 nu primim confirm\u0103ri suplimentare. La aceast\u0103 etap\u0103 este foarte important s\u0103 nu distribuim mai departe video-ul. Acest lucru este valabil mai ales \u00een situa\u021biile de ultim\u0103 or\u0103, \u00een care informa\u021biile se mi\u0219c\u0103 rapid \u0219i sunt adesea gre\u0219ite sau interpretate gre\u0219it \u00een primele ore de la difuzare, p\u00e2n\u0103 ce sunt verificate.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Suplimentar pa\u0219ilor descri\u0219i, putem apela la anumite programe sau organiza\u021bii media care verific\u0103 \u00een regim online dac\u0103 im con\u021binutul video are semne a fi fals, sau dac\u0103 este acesta este original.<\/p>\n<p>De exemplu, programul <strong>Reality Defender<\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> scaneaz\u0103 \u0219i verific\u0103 dac\u0103 con\u021binutul este fals, manipulatorii sau original. Un raport asupra fiec\u0103rui videoclip trimis rezum\u0103 concluziile f\u0103r\u0103 a specula inten\u021bia manipul\u0103rilor.<\/p>\n<p>Un alt mecanism, <strong>Platforma Stop-fals<\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>, o campanie \u00eempotriva informa\u021biei false \u0219i tenden\u021bioase, desf\u0103\u0219urat\u0103 de Asocia\u021bia Presei Independente (API) din Republica Moldova stocheaz\u0103 o baz\u0103 de date \u0219i cu ajutorul speciali\u0219tilor verific\u0103 autenticitatea con\u021binutului video. Oricine poate sesiza platforma stop-fals dac\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te con\u021binut posibil fals, inclusiv video.<\/p>\n<p>R\u0103m\u00e2ne\u021bi al\u0103turi de CRJM pentru a afla mai multe detalii despre noile tehnologii \u0219i drepturile omului \u00een era digital\u0103. Ne pute\u021bi urm\u0103ri pe pagina noastr\u0103 web CRJM.org \u0219i re\u021belele de socializare\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/facebook.com\/old2.old.crjm.org\">Facebook,<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ok.ru\/crjmoldova\">OK.ru<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/CRJMoldova\">Twitter<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/legal-resources-centre-from-moldova\/\">Linkedin<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Acest articol face parte dintr-o serie de publica\u021bii non-academice realizate de Centrul de Resurse Juridice din Moldova (CRJM) \u00een cadrul proiectului \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/old2.old.crjm.org\/program-de-abilitare-privind-drepturile-digitale\/\">Program de capacitare \u00een drepturi digitale<\/a>\u201d sus\u021binut de Centrul Interna\u021bional pentru Drept non-profit (ICNL). Opiniile exprimate apar\u021bin CRJM \u015fi nu reflect\u0103 \u00een mod necesar pozi\u021bia ICNL.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/post-truth\">https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/post-truth<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> How to Spot a Deepfake Like the Barack Obama\u2010Jordan Peele Video\u201d, Craig Silverman,<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">BuzzFeed News: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.buzzfeed.com\/craigsilverman\/obama-jordan-peele-deepfake-video-debunk-buzzfeed\">https:\/\/www.buzzfeed.com\/craigsilverman\/obama-jordan-peele-deepfake-video-debunk-buzzfeed<\/a>; Mal-uses of AI-generated Synthetic Media and Deepfakes: Pragmatic Solutions Discovery Convening (2018).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Deepfakes: It\u2019s Not What it Looks Like\u201d, Sam Gregory, Atlantic Council:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Qh_6cHw50l0&#038;feature=youtu.be\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Qh_6cHw50l0&#038;feature=youtu.be<\/a>; \u00a0\u201cMal-uses of AI-generated Synthetic Media and Deepfakes: Pragmatic Solutions Discovery Convening\u201d (2018).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Fake Videos of Real People and How to Spot Them\u201d, Supasorn Suwajanakorn, TED:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=o2DDU4g0PRo\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=o2DDU4g0PRo<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-chertoffdonahoe-hacking-commentary-idUSKCN1NH1W2\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-chertoffdonahoe-hacking-commentary-idUSKCN1NH1W2<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Commentary: For Election Hackers a New and More Dangerous Tool\u201d, Michael Chertoff and<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">Eileen Donahoe, Reuters: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us%E2%80%90chertoffdonahoe%E2%80%90hackingcommentary\/commentary%E2%80%90for%E2%80%90election%E2%80%90hackers%E2%80%90a%E2%80%90new%E2%80%90and%E2%80%90more%E2%80%90dangerous%E2%80%90toolidUSKCN1NH1W2\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us%E2%80%90chertoffdonahoe%E2%80%90hackingcommentary\/commentary%E2%80%90for%E2%80%90election%E2%80%90hackers%E2%80%90a%E2%80%90new%E2%80%90and%E2%80%90more%E2%80%90dangerous%E2%80%90toolidUSKCN1NH1W2<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> Reality Defender: <a href=\"https:\/\/rd2020.org\/index.html\">https:\/\/rd2020.org\/index.html<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Platforma Stop-Fals (Asocia\u021bia Presei Independente): <a href=\"https:\/\/semnale.stopfals.md\/ro\/about\">https:\/\/semnale.stopfals.md\/ro\/about<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tr\u0103im \u00een epoca post-adev\u0103rului (post-truth), un climat cultural \u0219i politic \u00een care exist\u0103 tot mai pu\u021bin respect pentru adev\u0103r. Acest concept presupune c\u0103 oamenilor \u2013 \u0219i mai ales politicienilor \u2013 le pas\u0103 mai pu\u021bin de ceea ce spun \u0219i dac\u0103 ceea ce spun este adev\u0103rat.[1] \u00cen spatele unei asemenea atitudini formate \u00een timp, nu st\u0103 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":23466,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[411],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/old.crjm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23465"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/old.crjm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/old.crjm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/old.crjm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/old.crjm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23465"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/old.crjm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23465\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23468,"href":"https:\/\/old.crjm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23465\/revisions\/23468"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/old.crjm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23466"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/old.crjm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23465"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/old.crjm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23465"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/old.crjm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23465"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}